Publications
CNS Vital Signs has been used for testing neurocognitive function by over 5500 clinicians in 52 countries. CNS Vital Signs, in collaboration clinicians and scientists, is continually involved in research activities to discover and expand the knowledge and applications of computerized neurocognitive testing. CNS Vital Signs has a heritage of research excellence with several clients winning awards for papers, posters and presentations at scientific meetings. The following publications and links are a sample of our growing body of clinical knowledge.
The original peer reviewed reliability and validity paper was published in 2006.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE TEST BATTERY, CNS VITAL SIGNS. Archives Clinical Neuropsychology. September 30, 2006.
Please schedule or REGISTER for a webinar to learn more about our continuing research and how it is adding to the validity and reliability of the CNS Vital Signs assessment platform.
Other Publications and Scientific Posters:
DETECTING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY PATIENTS USING THE CNS VITAL SIGNS COMPUTERIZED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL BATTERY; Brooks B, Sherman E; Poster; 2011 NAN Abstract
IDENTIFYING A COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT SUBGROUP IN ADULTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS; Grant L. Iverson, Brian L. Brooks, Scott A. Langenecker, Allan H. Young; Journal of Affective Disorders, 2011 Aug; 132(3):360-7
AGGRESSIVE EVALUATION, MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING OF MCI/DEMENTIA SYNDROMES; Donald E. Schmechel, MD, April Jacob, PA-C, Annette Beam, RN and Alan Boyd, RPh; International Congress of Alzheimer’s Disease; Paris, France; July 2011
A PROSPECTIVE DOSE-RESPONSE STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY ON COGNITION IN EARLY-STAGE BREAST CANCER PATIENTS; B Collins, J MacKenzie, GA Tasca, L Weiss, A Smith, C Scherling; Poster: MASCC/ISOO Athens, Greece; June 2011
EXAMINING THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF COMPUTER ADMINSTERED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT ON CPAP TREATMENT ADHERENCE IN ADULTS DIAGNOSED WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA; Armstrong, L., Glidewell, R., Orr, W., & Roby, E.; The Clinical Neuropsychologist , Jul 2011Poster presented at Division 40 APA Washington, D.C.
THE UTILITY OF USING THE APNEA-HYPOPNEA INDEX AND COMPUTER ADMINSTERED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING TO PREDICT CPAP TREATMENT ADHERENCE: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS; Armstrong, L., Glidewell, R., Orr, W., & Roby, E. (2011). Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, 34, 136-13
PILOT ASSESSMENT OF COMPUTERIZED NEUROPSYCHOMETRIC MEASURES IN PARTIAL SLEEP DEPRIVATION; St. Louis EK, Dueffert LG, Dresow MW, Calvin A, Bukartyk J, Somers VK; SLEEP Mtg. June 2011
A METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING TREATMENT RESPONSE IN HYASIMOTO ENCEPHALOPATHY: A CASE STUDY DEMONSTRATING REPEATED COMPUTERIZED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING; Journal of Child Neurology, February 10, 2011; Brian L. Brooks PhD, and Karen M. Barlow, MB, ChB, MRCPCH
NEUROCOGNITION PERFORMANCE AND SELF-REPORTED SEDATION FOLLOWING ADMINSTRATION OF LORAZEPAM; Yen-Revollo, JL, Boyd, AF, Loring, DW, Meador, KJ; ISCTM, February 2011
PSYCHOMETRIC CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN OLDER ADULTS ON CNS VITAL SIGNS; Grant L. Iverson, Ph.D., Brian Brooks, Ph.D., Copeman Neuroscience Centre, University of British Columbia., Alberta Children’s Hospital, University of Calgary; INS 2011
COMPUTERIZED PSYCHOMETRIC TESTING FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF MINIMAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; Prakash R, Anna K, Chikkanna R, Karanth P, Gulati D, Dosanjh G, Iduru S, Mullen K.D; MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; ISHEN 2010
HASHIMOTO’S ENCEPHALOPATHY: A PEDIATRIC CASE STUDY WITH PRE- AND POST-TREATMENT NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING; Brian L. Brooks, Taryn B. Fay, Karen M. Barlow; Alberta Children’s Hospital, University of Calgary; 2010 Annual Meeting Abstracts / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010): 479
TRADITIONAL VERSUS COMPUTERIZED FINGER TAPPING IN PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON’S DISEASE; Langill M, Roberts R, Iverson G, Appel-Cresswell S, Stoessl A; 2010 Annual Meeting Abstracts / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010): 539
THE NEUROCOGNITIVE PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION WITH AND WITHOUT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS COMPARED TO MILD DEMENTIA PATIENTS; Sandeep Vaishnavi, MD, PhD & C. Thomas Gualtieri, MD, NC Neuropsychiatry Chapel Hill, Raleigh, Charlotte, North Carolina; ICAD 2010, USA; Dexter Morgan, CNS Vital Signs; International Congress of Alzheimer’s Disease 2010
THE UTILITY OF A COMPUTERIZED TEST BATTERY FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA; Glidewell, R, Roby, E. Helm, K., Orr, W.; Lynn Institute of the Rockies, Colorado Springs, CO; Lynn Institute for Healthcare Research, Oklahoma City, OK; SLEEP 2010
EFFECTS ON COGNITION OF ADJUNCTIVE ZIPRASIDONE VERSUS PLACEBO IN A LONGTERM RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE BLIND TRIAL IN SUBJECTS WITH BIPOLAR I DISORDER; Elizabeth Pappadopulos, Ph.D., Richard Keefe, M.D., Onur Karayal, M.D., Francine Mandel, Ph.D., Doug Vanderburg, M.D., Sonya Lewis Ph.D., Michelle Stewart, Ph.D.; 163rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2010 May 22-26; New Orleans, LA
COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE TESTING IN ADULT SICKLE CELL PATIENTS; Crawford, R., Feliu, M. H., Edwards, C., & Telen, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; 31st annual meeting of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, Seattle, WA
A CONDENSED VERSION OF COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE TESTING CAN DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CONTROLS, DEPRESSION, MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, AND DEPRESSION; Sandeep Vaishnavi, MD, PhD & C. Thomas Gualtieri, MD; NC Neuropsychiatry; ANPA 2010
COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE TESTING; C Thomas Gualtieri MD, North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics; Brain Injury March 2010
MEASURES OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND WORK IN OCCUPATIONALLY ACTIVE BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS; Calvio L, Peugeot M, Bruns GL, Todd BL, Feuerstein M.; J Occup Environ Med. 2010 Feb;52(2):219-27.
IDENTIFYING COGNITIVE PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH DEPRESSION USING COMPUTERIZED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING; Brian L. Brooks; Grant L. Iverson; Elisabeth M. S. Sherman; Marie-Claude Roberge, Neurosciences, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada d British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, Coquitlam, Canada e University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Applied Neuropsychology, 08 February 2010.
IDENTIFYING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN CHILDREN WITH MOOD DISORDERS USING COMPUTERIZED TESTING; Grant L. Iverson, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, Brian L. Brooks, Alberta Children’s Hospital & University of Calgary; Presented at: International Neuropsychological Society, February, 2010, Acapulco, Mexico.
IDENTIFYING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN ADULTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS USING COMPUTERIZED TESTING; Grant L. Iverson, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, Brian L. Brooks, Alberta Children’s Hospital & University of Calgary; Presented at: International Neuropsychological Society, February, 2010, Acapulco, Mexico.
RAPID ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS IN BIPOLAR DISORDER; Iverson, G. L., Brooks, B. L., Ashton, V. L., Johnson, L. G., & Gualtieri, C. T. ; APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 16: 207–213, 2009
OPERATIONALIZING COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT ASSOCIATED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: MATRICS CONSENSUS COGNITIVE BATTERY AND ALTERNATIVES; M. Stewart, Ph.D., M. Stolar, Ph.D., Sally Olderbak, M.A., R. Goldman, Ph.D., and E. Watsky, M.D.; International Congress on Schizophrenia Research, San Diego, CA, USA, March 28-April 1, 2009
AEROBIC EXERCISE ENHANCES COGNITIVE FLEXABILITY; S, Roetzheim R, Gualtieri T.; J Clin Psychol Med Settings (2009) 16:186–193
COMPUTERIZED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL BATTERY DETECTS PSYCHOMOTOR PROCESSING SPEED IMPAIRMENT AS THE CORE COGNITIVE DEFICIT IN RELAPSING-REMITTING MUTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS; Messinis L., PhD., Anyfantis E., M.Sc., Lyros E., MD, PhD., Papathanasopoulos P., MD, PhD; Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Section, University of Patras Medical School, Greec; 7th International Congress on the Improvement of the Quality of Life on Dementia, etc; Thessaloniki, Greece, 29 January 1st Febrauary 2009
HIGHER COGNITIVELY FUNCTIONING RELAPSING-REMITTING MUTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS HAVE A MORE SPECIFIC PATTERN OF IMPAIRMENT ON NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING; Sandeep Vaishnavi, MD, PhD, John Barkenbus, MD, C. Thomas Gualtieri, MD; NC Neuropsychiatry; Raleigh & Charlotte, NC; AAN 2009
DIFFERENTIATING MALINGERERS AND PATIENTS WITH CONVERSION DISORDER USING A COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE ASSESSMENT BATTERY; C Thomas Gualtieri MD Sandeep Vaishnavi MD PhD Aaron Hervey PhD; American Neuropsychiatric Association, March, 2009.
NEUROCOGNITIVE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES; C Thomas Gualtieri MD Sandeep Vaishnavi MD PhD; North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics, Chapel Hill, Charlotte & Raleigh; ISCTM Feb. 2009
NEUROFEEDBACK IMPROVES EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING IN CHILDREN WIT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS; Mirjam E.J. Kouijzer, Jan M.H. de Moor, Berrie J.L. Gerrits, Marco Congedo, Hein T. van Schie ; Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders; Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2009, Pages 145-162
ASSESSMENT OF FIBROMYALGIA & CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME: A NEW PROTOCOL DESIGNED TO DETERMINE WORK CAPABILITY—CHRONIC PAIN ABILITIES DETERMINATION (CPAD).; Kelly M, Gagne R, Newman JD, Olney C, Gualtieri C, Trail D.; Irish Medical Journal. 2008 Oct;101(9):277-8.
DOES FAMILIARITY WITH COMPUTERS AFFECT COMPUTERIZED NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST PERFORMANCE?; Grant L. Iverson, Brian L. Brooks, V. Lynn Ashton, Lynda G. Johnson, C. Thomas Gualtieri; Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, October 2008
SENSITIVITY & SPECIFICITY OF COMPUTERIZED TESTING FOR MCI; C Thomas Gualtieri MD, Alan Boyd PharmD; ICAD – International Congress for Alzheimer’s Disease, July, 2008.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA ON THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN; Hosford, D. J., & Stuart, A. D; Poster 2008, 43rd Annual Conference of the Australian Psychological Society (pp. 44-45)
THE FREQUENCY OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN PATIENTS WITH ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND BIPOLAR DISORDER: AN UNACCOUNTED SOURCE OF VARIANCE IN CLINICAL TRIALS; Gualtieri CT, Morgan DW.; Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;69(7):1122-30.
PSYCHOMOTOR SPEED IMPAIRMENT AS MAIN COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN RELAPSING-REMITTING MUTIPLE SCLEROSIS; Maimone D, Zappalà G, Matta F, Aiello D, Bianca M, Papale B, Pavone A, Gualtieri T *Neurology Unit, Garibaldi Hospital, Catania - ITALY; *CNS Vital Signs, Chapel Hill, NC – USA
EFFICACY OF LIFESTYLE CHANGES IN MODIFYING PRACTICAL MARKERS OF WELLNESS AND AGING; Masley, S. C., Weaver, W., Peri, G., & Phillips, S. E; Altern Ther Health Med. 2008 Mar-Apr;14(2):24-9.
COMPUTERIZED TEST BATTERY SENSITIVE TO MILD AND SEVERE BRAIN INJURY; C. Thomas Gualtieri, MD; Lynda G. Johnson, PhD; Medscape J Med. 2008;10(4):90.
SHORT FORM OF CNS VITAL SIGNS FOR USE IN DEPRESSION; International Neuropsychological Society February 2008; Grant L. Iverson, Brian L. Brooks, Allan H. Young, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, University of British Columbia.
CNS VITAL SIGNS (CNSVS) AS A TOOL TO SCREEN FOR ADHD/LD IN STUDENT ATHLETES; International Neuropsychological Society February 2008; Gualtieri & Johnson, North Carolina Neuropsychiatry
AGE-RELATED COGNITIVE DECLINE IN PATIENTS WITH MOOD DISORDERS; C. Thomas Gualtieri, Lynda G. Johnson; Departments of Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics, Chapel Hill & Charlotte, United States; Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32 (2008) 962–967
STATUS OF COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE TESTING IN AGING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; Katherine Wild, Diane Howiesona, Frank Webbeb, Adriana Seelyea, Jeffrey Kaye; Layton Aging and Alzheimer Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA; Alzheimer’s & Dementia 4 (2008) 428–437
CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF CNS VITAL SIGNS FOR ASSESSING NEUROCOGNITION IN ADHD – CHILDREN; APA 2007; Grant L. Iverson, Brian L. Brooks, Margaret D. Weiss, Lynda G. Johnson, & C. Thomas Gualtieri.
PREVALENCE OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS IN ADULTS WITH UNTREATED AD/HD: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE WORKPLACE, APA 2007; Brian L. Brooks1, Grant L. Iverson2,1, Margaret D. Weiss2,3, C. Thomas Gualtieri4,& Lynda G. Johnson4; 1British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, 2University of British Columbia, 3British Columbia Provincial ADHD Program, 4 North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinic.
IDENTIFYING FRANK NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT WITH CNS VITAL SIGNS IN PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED DEPPRESSION; APA 2007; Grant L. Iverson, Brian L. Brooks, Allan H. Young, Lynda G. Johnson, & C. Thomas Gualtieri.
ADULTS WITH UNTREATED MOOD DISORDERS HAVE NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS THAT CAN IMPACT WORKPLACE PERFORMANCE, American Psychiatric Association 2007; Brian L. Brooks1, Grant L. Iverson 2, Allan H. Young 2, Lynda G. Johnson 3,& C. Thomas Gualtieri 3; 1 British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, 2 University of British Columbia, 3 North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics.
USING THE CNS VITAL SIGNS COMPUTERIZED BATTERY FOR ASSESSING NEUROCOGNITION IN ADULTS WITH UNTREATED AD/HD, American Psychological Association 2007; Grant L. Iverson, Brian L. Brooks, Margaret D. Weiss, C. Thomas Gualtieri & Lynda G. Johnson, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, British Columbia Provincial ADHD Program, North Carolina Neuropsychiatry Clinics.
RAPID ASSESSMENT OF NEUROCOGNITIVE DEFICITS IN BIPOLAR DISEASE; Society of Biological Psychiatry 2007; Grant L. Iverson, University of British Columbia & British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, Brian L. Brooks, British Columbia Mental Health & Addiction Services, Allan H. Young, University of British Columbia, Lynda G. Johnson & C. Thomas Gualtieri, North Carolina Neuropsychiatry.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE TEST BATTERY, CNS VITAL SIGNS; Archives Clinical Neuropsychology; September 30, 2006.
COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE TEST PERFORMANCE IN COMPUTER USER AND NON-USER OLDER ADULTS Patricia C. Heyn, PhD, Tammie Nakamura., MS, Rosa A. Tang, MD, MPH, Robin Sun School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver & Health Sciences Center Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, University of Houston, Texas.
NEUROCOGNITION IN DEPRESSION: PATIENTS ON AND OFF MEDICATION VERSUS HEALTHY COMPARISON SUBJECTS. C. Thomas Gualtieri, M.D.; Lynda G. Johnson, Ph.D.; Kenneth B. Benedict, M.D.; J Neuropsychiatry Clinical Neuroscience; 2006 Spring; 18(2):217-25.
ANTIDEPRESSANT SIDE EFFECTS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS; J Child Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2006 Feb-Apr; 16(1-2):147-57.
EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF ATTENTIONAL RESOURCES IN PATIENTS WITH AD/HD: MATURATIONAL CHANGES FROM AGE 10 TO 29; Journal of Attention Disorders Volume 9 Number 3; February 2006 Pub Med
NEUROCOGNITIVE TESTING SUPPORTS A BROADER CONCEPT OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias; Volume 20, Number 6, November/December 2005. Pub Med
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND FATIGUE: Expanding the spectrum of executive functions impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis by a computerised neuropsychological tests battery. Source: D. Maimone, G. Zappalà (Catania, I) Thursday, September 29, 2005; 21st Congress of the European Committee for the Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; 10th Annual Meeting of the Americas Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; 28.09.2005 - 01.10.2005
CNS VITAL SIGNS CNS (CNSVS) PERFORMANCE OF ADD PATIENTS ON AND OFF STIMULANT MEDICATION, L Johnson & T Gualtieri, Poster Abstract National Academy of Neuropsychology conference; Tampa October 19-22 2005
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO OBJECTIVE AD/HD DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT, PSYCHOLOGY 2005, JULY 2005
DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AND EARLY DEMENTIA WITH A NEW, COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE ASSESSMENT BATTERY Symposium on Dementia Screening (II), Alzheimer’s Association International Conference on Prevention of Dementia, Washington DC, June, 2005.
COMPARATIVE NEUROCOGNITIVE EFFECTS OF FIVE PSYCHOTROPIC ANTICONVULSANTS AND LITHIUM American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta , May 26, 2005
NEUROCOGNITIVE TESTING SUPPORTS A BROADER CONCEPT OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta,May 26, 2005
USING CNS VITAL SIGNS IN DETECTION OF EARLY DEMENTIA AND MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT; Fülöp Emõke, Kurimay Tamás, Zákány Ildikó, Dénes Eszter, Tamás Erzsébet; 8th Hungarian Congress on Alzheimer Clin Neurosci/Ideggy Szle 2004;57(9–10):322–343
A COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT BATTERY FOR PSYCHIATRISTS American Psychiatric Association, Annual Meeting, New York, NY May 2004.
THE COMPARATIVE NEUROCOGNITIVE EFFECTS OF SEVEN ANTIDEPRESSANTS American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, New York, NY May, 2004.
PSYCHOMETRIC AND CLINICAL PROPERTIES OF A NEW, COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE ASSESSMENT BATTERY American Neuropsychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Bal Harbor , FL Feb. 24, 2004.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF A NEW COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT BATTERY International Neuropsychological Society, Annual Meeting, Baltimore,MD Feb. 4-7, 2004
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN BIPOLAR AND UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION International Neuropsychological Society Annual Meeting, Baltimore,MD Feb. 6, 2004
DRUG SENSITIVITY OF A COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE TEST BATTERYInternational Neuropsychological Society Annual Meeting, Baltimore , MD February 6, 2004
DEMENTIA ASSESSMENT USING COMPUTERIZED TESTS; J Insur Med 36, 213-227, 2004.
DEMENTIA ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF THE DIVERSITY OF THE CONDITION.
COMPUTERIZED NEUROCOGNITIVE TESTING AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR MODERN PSYCHIATRY; Psychiatry 2004.
COMPARATIVE NEUROCOGNITIVE PERFORMANCE OF PATIENTS ON ANTIDEPRESSANTS.
NEUROCOGNITION IN DEPRESSION: PATIENTS ON AND OFF MEDICATION, COMPARED TO NORMAL CONTROLS
